New methods are needed to spot fake honey says Dr Juraj Majtán
The rest of the material produces digestate which can be used as fertiliser by nearby farms.
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A widespread bacterial defence system called SNIPE is shown to localize to the cell membrane, where it identifies and cleaves the DNA of infecting phage as it is injected into the bacterial cell.
Before agar, microbiologists had experimented with other foodstuffs as microbial media. They turned to substances rich in the starches, proteins, sugars, fats, and minerals that organisms need for growth, testing with broths, bread, potatoes, polenta, egg whites, coagulated blood serums, and gelatine. However, none worked particularly well: all were easily broken down by heat and microbial enzymes, and their surface, once colonized, became mushy and unsuitable for isolating microbes.
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